Viral dynamics within three aquifers of differing ages and origins in the Fennoscandian shield terrestrial deep biosphere


Karin Holmfeldt1, Xiaofen Wu1, Ino de Brujin2, 3, Emelie Nilsson1, Brynjar Smári Bjarnason2, Daniel Lundin1, Anders Anderssin2, Stefan Bertilsson4, Mark Dopson1

1Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
2School of Biotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
3Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences (BILS), Stockholm, Sweden
4Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden


Recently the importance of viruses has been investigated in an increasing number of aquatic habitats. However, the diversity and functionality of viruses within the deep biosphere as well as the impact they have on their microbial hosts remains largely unknown. Here, we have investigated the anoxic groundwater contained within three boreholes in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, southeastern Sweden. The boreholes range in depth from 181 to 448 meter and contain newly infiltrated (<20 year) Baltic Sea water (modern marine), mixed water (undefined mixed), and ground water >1000 year old (old saline), respectively. Duplicate 0.2 μm filtered metagenomes from each borehole were individually assembled and, after sequences of likely cellular origin were removed, 3952 viral contigs containing >10 ORFs were further analyzed. Of all ORFs, 14% had similarity to known viruses, with 5% similar to Siphoviruse, 4% to Myoviruses, and 2% to Podoviruses. Further, more than 97% of the contigs shared <40% of their genes with previously isolated and sequenced phages, pointing towards the novelty of these viral communities. Only 2 contigs had high similarity to known viruses, sharing 72% of their ORFs with the temperate Vibrio phage VP882 and occurred in the old saline and undefined mixed waters. While 14% of the contigs occurred in all three aquifers, 70% of the contigs only occurred in the old saline and undefined mixed. The modern marine community was the most diverse with 30% unique contigs while the undefined mixed community had 8% unique contigs. Only one viral type was unique for the undefined mix: a contig similar to ssDNA inoviruses. All other contigs occurring in the undefined mixed also occurred in old saline. Overall, these data present unique information regarding the viral diversity, functionality, and spatial variations within the viral community in the deep biosphere.






Reference:
Posters Day 2-T03-Pos-16
Session:
Posters Covering Ecology, Host population control, Co-Evolutionary dynamics and Subversion/Evasion of Host Defences
Presenters:
Karin Holmfeldt
Session:
Day 2 Posters Covering: Ecology, Host population control, Co-evolutionary dynamics and Subversion/Evasion of host defences
Presentation type:
Poster presentation
Room:
Poster Halls
Date:
Tuesday, 19 July 2016
Time:
12:05 - 15:00